HARUN YAHYA
August, 2006
Published by
GLOBALPUBLISHING
Talatpasa Mah. Emirgazi Caddesi
Ibrahim Elmas Ismerkezi
A Blok Kat 4 Okmeydani - Istanbul/Turkey
Phone: +90 212 222 00 88
INTRODUCTION
For the last 150 years, the theory of evolution has been portrayed everywhere?from school textbooks to scholarly publications?as scientific fact. But it actually stands on highly unsound foundations. Every claim that evolutionists have made over the last 150 years has later been refuted by science. Evolutionists have finally abandoned trying to prove their theory and instead, have begun looking for ways to prop it up by such methods as propaganda, demagogy, and outright deception. Their aim is no longer to defend a scientific theory, but rather to persist in promoting this nonsense which is supposed to be scientific so as to maintain their materialist, atheistic world views.
In this book, the theory of evolution?s basic claims are refuted with scientific evidence. It demonstrates, using concrete examples with which you will be quite familiar, why it is impossible for new species to emerge through evolution. By God?s leave, a knowledge of the information contained here will be enough to let you refute evolutionist claims and provide the needed rational, scientific replies to any evolutionist anywhere in the world.
Should you ever want to obtain more detailed information on this subject, you can consult such works as The Evolution Deceit, The Evolution Impasse (encyclopaedic format; in two volumes), A Definitive Reply to Evolutionist Propaganda, Darwinism Refuted, which all together consist of thousands of pages. You can also find the author?s more than 150 books in English by logging on to www.harunyahya.com.
The Theory of Evolution Regards
Chance as a Creative Deity
The theory of evolution claims that unconscious, unreasoning, inanimate atoms such as phosphorus and carbon assembled themselves together by chance. As a result of such natural phenomena as lightning, volcanic eruptions, ultraviolet rays and radiation, these atoms organized themselves in such a flawless way as to give rise to proteins, cells?and thereafter, fish, rabbits, lions, birds, human beings and all manner of life forms.
That is the basic claim made by the theory of evolution, which regards chance as a creative deity. However, belief in any such claim is a violation of reason, logic and science.
Natural Selection Cannot Account for
the Complex Structures in Living Things
The theory of evolution maintains that those living organisms that best adapt to their environment have more opportunities to survive and multiply, and therefore, they can pass on their advantageous characteristics to subsequent generations, and species evolve by way of this ?mechanism.?
But the fact is that the mechanism in question?known as natural selection?cannot cause living things to evolve, nor endow them with any new features. It can only reinforce existing characteristics belonging to a particular species.
In any given region, for example, those rabbits able to run fastest will survive, while others die. After a few generations, all the rabbits in this region will consist of fast-running individuals. However, these rabbits can never evolve into another species?greyhounds or foxes, for instance.
Peppered Moths Are No Evidence for
Evolution through Natural Selection
Of all the supposed ?proofs? of the theory of evolution, the most frequently repeated concerns changes in a species of moth in 19th century Britain. It is claimed that due to air pollution during the Industrial Revolution, tree bark was darkened?for which reason dark- colored moths were better camouflaged from predatory birds, and thus their numbers increased.
But this is not evolution, because no new species of moth emerged. All that happened was that the ratio ratio of the two already existing types in an already existing species changed. In addition, it has since emerged that the account on which this claim was based was untrue. The well-known photos showing moths clinging to the bark of trees were found to be fabrications. Contrary to what has been claimed, no instance of so-called ?industrial melanism??the darkening of color due to industrial pollution?has ever taken place.
Just as an Earthquake Cannot Improve a City, Neither
Are Mutations Advantageous to Develop Living Things
Mutations are caused by random changes in the DNA in which all the information concerning the human body?s characteristics is encoded. Mutations occur due to outside agents such as radiation or chemicals. Evolutionists maintain that such random genetic changes can cause living things to evolve. The fact is, though, that mutations are always harmful to living things, do not develop them, and can never endow them with any new functional features (such as wings or lungs, for instance). Mutations either kill or deform the afflicted organism. To claim that mutations improve a species and endow it with new advantages is like claiming that an earthquake can make a city more advanced and modern, or that striking a computer with a hammer will result in a more advanced model. Indeed, no mutation has ever been observed to increase?much less improve?genetic information.
Life Comes From Life
The erroneous theory known as ?spontaneous generation,? which had been around since at least the Middle Ages, maintained that inanimate substances could by chance assamble to produce a living being. The idea that insects formed from food wastes or mice from wheat was widespread up, until the 18th century. Even in the 19th century, when Darwin wrote his book The Origin of Species, the scientific world still widely believed that bacteria could arise from inanimate matter.
In fact, however, only five years after Darwin published his book, Louis Pasteur announced his results after long studies and experiments, that disproved spontaneous generation, a cornerstone of Darwin's theory. In his triumphal lecture at the Sorbonne in 1864, Pasteur said: "Never will the doctrine of spontaneous generation recover from the mortal blow struck by this simple experiment." (Sidney Fox, Klaus Dose, Molecular Evolution and The Origin of Life, New York: Marcel Dekker, 1977. p. 2)
His findings revealed, once again, that life did not emerge spontaneously on Earth, but that it began with a miraculous creation.
No Transitional Forms Have Ever Been
Found in the Fossil Record
The theory of evolution claims that the transition from one species to another takes place from the primitive (simple) to the more complex?progressively, and in stages. According to this claim, bizarre, monstrous creatures known as ?transitional forms? must have existed during this progress from one species to another. For example, there must have existed half-fish and half-amphibian creatures that, despite still having fish characteristics, had also acquired some amphibious ones, as well as half-human, half-ape creatures, and half-reptile, half-bird life forms.
If any such transitional species had really existed, then their remains should be encountered in the fossil record. But in over a century, there is still not the slightest trace of such intermediate forms that paleontologists have searched for with such great eagerness.
Living Groups Emerged Abruptly
on Earth and at the Same Time
Almost all the basic living categories known today emerged suddenly and at the same time, during the Cambrian Period, 530 to 520 million years ago. Living organisms with totally different bodily structures?sponges, mollusks, worms, Echinodermata, arthropods and vertebrates?all appeared suddenly, simultaneously, with no life forms remotely resembling them in any earlier geological period. This fact alone completely undermines evolutionists? claims that living things evolved from a single common ancestor gradually, and over a very long period of time.
The fact that the Earth was suddenly filled with a great many species, all possessing radically different physical structures and exceedingly complex organs demonstrates that these were, of course, created. Since evolutionists deny creation and the existence of God, they cannot definitely explain this miraculous phenomenon.
Species Living Today Have Undergone
No Changes over Hundreds of Millions of Years
Had evolution actually taken place, then living things must have emerged on Earth as a result of small, gradual changes?and to have continued changing over the course of time. Yet the fossil records demonstrate the exact opposite! Different classes of living creatures emerged suddenly, with no ancestors even remotely resembling them, and remained in a stable state, undergoing no changes at all, often for hundreds of millions of years.
Fish that Ruined Evolutionists? Dreams:C?lecanth
Evolutionists used to depict the C?lecanth, a fish known only from fossils dating back 400 million years, as very powerful evidence of a transitional form between fish and amphibians. Since it was assumed that this species had become extinct 70 million years ago, evolutionists engaged in all kinds of speculation regarding the fossils. On 22 December 1938, however, a living C?lecanth was caught in the deep waters of the Indian Ocean. More than 200 other living specimens have been caught in the years that followed.
All the speculation regarding these fish had been unfounded. Contrary to what evolutionists claimed, the C?lecanth was not a vertebrate with half-fish, half-amphibian characteristics preparing to emerge onto dry land. It was in fact a bottom-dwelling fish that almost never rose above a depth of 180 meters (590 feet). Moreover, there were no anatomical differences between the living C?lecanth and the 400-million-year-old fossil specimens. This creature had never ?evolved? at all.
Birds? Wings Cannot Be the Work of Chance
Evolutionists maintain that birds evolved from reptiles?though this is impossible, and a bird?s wing alone is sufficient to prove this. In order for evolution of the kind claimed to have taken place, a reptile?s forearms would have to have changed into functional wings as the result of mutations taking place in its genes?and quickly! And this is not feasible. First of all, this transitional life form would be unable to fly with only half-developed wings. It would also be deprived of its forearms. That would mean it was essentially deformed and therefore?according to the theory of evolution?would be eliminated.
In order for any bird to fly, its wings had to be fully formed in every detail. The wings should be soundly attached to the chest cavity. The bird would need to have a light skeletal structure allowing it to take off, maintain its balance in the air and move in all directions. Its wing and tail feathers would have to be light, flexible and in aerodynamic proportion to one another. In short, everything would have to operate with a flawless coordination in order to make flight possible. How could this inerrant structure in birds? bodies have resulted from a succession of random mutations? That question has no answer.
Archaeopteryx Is Not the Missing
Link between Reptiles and Birds
Ever since the 19th century, evolutionists have portrayed the 150-million-year old fossil known as Archaeopteryx as the greatest fossil evidence for the theory of evolution. They claimed that the fossil has a number of reptilian features that make it a ?missing link? between reptiles and birds. Recent findings have invalidated this claim, however, by revealing that Archaeopteryx was a fully-fledged flying bird. In addition, the therapod dinosaurs formerly regarded as the supposed reptilian ancestors of birds are in fact much younger than Archaeopteryx?an inconvenient fact that evolutionists attempt to conceal.
The Fossil Record Refutes the Famous
?Equine Evolution? Scenario
For decades now, the ?evolution? of the horse has been presented as one of the best- documented proofs of the theory of evolution. Four-footed mammals that lived in different periods have been arranged in an arbitrary order from small to large, and this ?horse series? displayed in the American Museum of Natural History in New York City. The fact is, however, that recent research in years has revealed that the extinct species in the horse series were not one another?s ancestors. The sequence is highly inaccurate, and that the smaller quadrupeds depicted as the ancestor of the horse actually appeared on Earth long afterwards.
Evolutionists? Ape-Man Stories
Are not Based on Any Evidence
The pre-eminent deception of Darwinism is that human beings evolved from ape-like creatures?a claim that?s been imposed on the popular imagination by way of countless of imaginary drawings and models. In fact, there is no evidence that such ?ape-men? ever lived. Australopithecus, commonly depicted as today?s man?s earliest ancestor, of, was in fact an extinct species of ape not so very different from chimpanzees. Classifications such as Homo erectus, Homo sapiens neandertalensis and Homo sapiens archaic, which follow Australopithecus in the so-called family tree of humans, are actually different human races. The small anatomical differences between these classifications and today?s man can also be observed among different races alive today, such as native Australians, pygmies and Inuit, or Eskimos.
The 99% Genetic Similarity between
Man and Chimps Is A Deception
For a very long time, the evolutionist choir has been propagating the unsubstantiated thesis that there is very little genetic difference between humans and chimps. In every piece of evolutionist literature, you could read sentences like "we are 99 percent equal to chimps" or "there is only 1 percent of DNA that makes us human". Although no conclusive comparison between human and chimp genomes has been done, the Darwinist ideology led them to assume that there is very little difference between the two species.
A recent study shows that the evolutionist propaganda on this issue-like many others-is completely false. Humans and chimps are not "99% similar" as the evolutionist fairy tale went on. Genetic similarity turns out to be less than 95 %.
A biologist at the California Institute of Technology based this on a computer program that compared 780,000 of the 3 billion base pairs in the human DNA helix with those of the chimp. He found more mismatches than earlier researchers had, and concluded that at least 3.9 percent of the DNA bases were different.
This led him to conclude that there is a fundamental genetic difference between the species of about 5 percent.(http://www.cnn.com/2002/TECH/science/09/24/humans.chimps.ap/index.html)
New Scientist, a leading science magazine and a strong supporter of Darwinism, reported the following on the same subject in an article titled "Human-chimp DNA difference trebled":
We are more unique than previously thought, according to new comparisons of human and chimpanzee DNA. It has long been held that we share 98.5 per cent of our genetic material with our closest relatives. That now appears to be wrong. In fact, we share less than 95 per cent of our genetic material, a three-fold increase in the variation between us and chimps. (http://www.newscientist.com/news/news.jsp?id=ns99992833)
Creation, Not Evolution, Is the Origin
of Human Consciousness
The theory of evolution cannot explain how human consciousness emerged. Unconscious atoms and chance cannot account for human beings who found civilizations, produce works of art, establish scientific fields from medicine to archaeology, philosophize, rejoice and feel amazement, compose music, take pleasure from the arts they have created, enjoy the taste of yogurt, have friends, understand such concepts as loyalty, self-sacrifice and love, feel longing, build space vehicles, invent the microscope and the light bulb?and study the atoms that comprise their own bodies. It is impossible to account for consciousness in terms of any materialist philosophy that regards a human being as an assemblage of matter. By themselves, the atoms and molecules in the brain can neither feel, nor know anything, nor speak. Consciousness is an attribute of the human soul; and it is God Who bestows that soul on human beings.
The Claim that Some Organs
Are Vestigial Is Untrue
Evolutionist sources have long suggested that certain organs in the human body no longer have any function and that they are not used but represent a legacy from long-dead ancestoral forms. The human appendix and the coccyx were for many years regarded as ?vestigial? organs. However, the latest scientific research has revealed that these organs do, in fact, serve a purpose. The list of ?vestigial organs? that evolutionists drew up at the beginning of the 20th century is now completely discredited. In the same way, the concept of ?junk DNA? proposed by evolutionists?the claim that a large part of the DNA chain serves no purpose?has also been discredited by new discoveries.
It Is Utterly Impossible for Proteins
to Form by Chance
It is mathematically impossible for proteins, the building blocks of life, to have formed by chance. For example, the odds of an average-sized protein molecule, which consists of 288 amino acids, emerging by chance is 1 in 10300. (This is an astronomical figure of 1 followed by 300 zeros.) In practical terms, it is impossible for this to happen. (In mathematics, chances smaller than 1 in 1050 are regarded as having zero probability.) The theory of evolution, which is unable to account for the formation of even a single protein in terms of chance, can never explain how the cell and even more complex structures came into being.
Chance Combinations of Inanimate
Molecules Cannot Account for Life
Even if we assume that protein molecules did come into existence by chance, still it is impossible for life to emerge spontaneously. Thousands of further stages are needed in order to progress from a protein to a cell. Above all, any protein that happens to form by chance will have to wait patiently for other proteins to form alongside, while not itself suffering any impairment due to ultraviolet rays or mechanical effects in its immediate environment. Then these other proteins must form in sufficient numbers and at the same point and combine in a meaningful manner in such a way as to constitute the organelles of the cell. No foreign substance, harmful molecule or useless protein must enter the sequence. Then, these organelles have to combine in an exceptionally planned and organized manner, attract the requisite enzymes and be covered with a membrane. And then finally, the interior of that membrane must be filled with a special fluid that provides an ideal environment for these organelles. Yet by itself, every one of these stages is impossible.
Any Single Cell Is More Complex
Than Even A Great City
Around 4 billion years ago, according to the evolutionist scenario, various inanimate chemical substances entered into a reaction, combining under the effects of lightning or earthquakes, and thus gave rise to the first cell. In fact, however, scientists describe the cell as having as complex a structure as that of a city like Paris or London. A great number of structures inside the cell, from energy-producing plants to protein factories, from transport systems carrying raw materials to decoders that interpret DNA, and communications systems, are all in a constant state of activity in a flawless organization. Believing the evolutionist claim that the cell came into being by chance is as illogical as claiming that all the buildings, roads, transport systems, water and electricity grids in New York City emerged spontaneously thanks to the effects of random natural phenomena such as storms and earthquakes.
The Creation in the Structure of the Cell
is One Proof that Invalidates the Theory of Evolution
Thanks to their perfect structures, some 200 different kinds of cells perform different functions in the body.. For example, nerve cells have extensions approximately 1 meter long, reaching from the spinal cord down to the feet. This enables stimuli to reach their destination very quickly along a single route. Blood corpuscles, on the other hand, are only 7 micrometers in size, which allows them to pass easily through microscopically small capillary vessels.
Inside the eye?s light-sensitive retinal cells, a large number of membranes carry light-sensitive pigments and nerve connections. In this way, the cells become sensitive to light. The intestines contain food-digesting cells with a shape ideally suited to their task. All these cells come into being through the division of one single cell in the human embryo. But did unconscious atoms and coincides assume the responsibility for these cells? flawless shapes so ideally suited to their functions? This extraordinary organization and planning, which the theory of evolution can never account for, is a proof of God?s creation.
The Claim that Life Arrived from
Outer Space is Wholly Fictitious
Faced with the fact that amino acids could never have formed by chance under the conditions of the primeval Earth, evolutionists embarked on a search for some new way to account for the emergence of life. According to one of their new claims, a meteor fell to Earth. Soon after, organic substances and amino acids inside this meteor reacted together, and thus life sprang into being.
Yet it is now known that the primeval atmosphere was of such a kind that would have quickly broken down any amino acids. In addition, under the conditions of the primeval Earth, even if large quantities of amino acids had arrived from outer space, and even if the world had actually been awash in amino acids, this still would not account for the origin of living things. It would still have been impossible for amino acids to combine by chance and haphazardly give rise to exceedingly complex and three-dimensional proteins, the organelles of the cell, and then for these organelles to give rise to a cell with its own miraculous structure.
According to yet another view, the first life formed not on Earth, but on some other planet. These organisms were subsequently carried to Earth in the form of spores or seeds by meteors, and life thus began here. However, current knowledge shows that it is impossible for spores or seeds in the irradiated vacuum of space to have been withstood the heat, pressure, dangerous rays, etc. through their journey to Earth. Therefore, the claim that the first life formed on another planet does not resolve evolutionists? problems at all, but merely places them one step back. The obstacles to life emerging by chance on Earth will also apply on any other planet.
The False Proof that Life Could Have
Formed Spontaneously on the Primeval Earth
For their only evidence of this claim, evolutionists point to the Miller Experiment, carried out in 1953. Yet that experiment produced no living cell. All that happened was that a few simple amino acids were synthesized. But it is mathematically impossible for amino acids to assume the correct sequence and constitute proteins, and for these then to give rise to the cell, by chance. In addition, the amino acids that Miller synthesized were irrelevant and meaningless, because in his experiment Miller employed gasses that did not exist in the primeval Earth?s atmosphere.
The Theory of Evolution Can Never
Explain How Proteins? Capabilities Came to Be
Albumin, one of the proteins in the body, binds to itself fats such as cholesterol, hormones, toxic bile and drugs such as penicillin. It then travels throughout the body in the bloodstream, deposits the substances it has collected in the liver where they can be converted into usable form, and carries other nutrients and hormones to the sites where they are needed.
How can a molecule such as albumin, composed of unconscious, unknowing atoms, distinguish between fats, toxins, drugs and various nutrients?
Furthermore, how is it able to recognize the liver and gall bladder, and deposit the substances it transports at just the right place and in just the right amounts, never confusing them or making a mistake? Since it is impossible for human beings to tell toxins, nutrients and drugs carried in the bloodstream apart from one another, how is a molecule made up of atoms able to do so?
Did Unconscious Atoms Think of Setting up
and Designing a Power Plant in Our Bodies?
In our cells, the energy plants known as ?mitochondria,? only 1/100 millimeters in size, are more complex than any oil refinery or hydroelectric station. Our cells, which possess no consciousness or knowledge and are made up of combinations of specific numbers of molecules, produce energy in a manner that is far more economical and practical than that devised by a combination of engineers, technical experts, workers and designers employing the most advanced technology.
Every detail in the energy plants in our cells has been flawlessly created, from energy conservation to the recycling of waste products. The theory of evolution is unable to account for the formation of even one of these features in the cell.
The Equivalent of 25 Encyclopedic Volumes of Information
Contained in DNA Cannot Have Emerged by Chance
In a single human DNA molecule, there is sufficient information to fill one million printed pages. All this information has a very important sequence. Just think; if we typed millions of letters at random on sheets of paper, and if all these letters then turned into words and then formed an article like those in the pages of a newspaper, could we claim that this was all the result of blind chance? Of course not! Yet according to the Darwinist mindset, it is indeed possible for such an extraordinary event to take place by chance?not just once, but many times!
How Did Different Species Come
to Have Different DNA?
Evolutionists ascribe the origin of different species? different genetic characteristics to mutations?changes that, as you know, take place in DNA as a result of radiation or chemical effects. Yet these outside influences either damage DNA or else have no effects on it.
To clarify this with an example, let us record a very thorough history of the world on a computer. In the process, let us rewrite the book completely several times, and also ask the person typing it over to press the keyboard at random without actually looking at it. Could he improve this history book, or even complete it in the first place? Could a chapter titled ?The History of Ancient Egypt? that did not already exist in ever come into being? The inevitable spelling mistakes can of course never improve or develop the book. On the contrary, they will impair it and damage its meaning. Yet evolutionists claim that, in effect, spelling mistakes can improve a book, making it more precise and sophisticated.
Who Established the Hierarchical
Order in the Genes?
Certain genes have the ability to control others. For example, some ?control? genes halt the gene that manufactures haemoglobin during childhood.
This fact requires careful reflection. Since genes are made up of molecules, how did these molecules set up such an organization among themselves? How can a molecule decide to halt a human being?s growth and to transmit that decision to others, and how do those other molecules understand that signal and act upon it? From whom did those disciplined orders originate?
Moreover, trillions of genes have been flawlessly performing these functions with the same discipline, obedience, reason and apparent intent for millions of years. To claim that such an immaculate system came into being by chance is utterly nonsensical.
One Example of the Predicament
in Which Evolutionists Find Themselves
Let evolutionists place large quantities of elements found in the structure of living things?such as phosphorus, nitrogen, carbon, oxygen, iron and magnesium?into a large container. Let them also add whatever other materials not actually present under normal conditions, but which they may deem necessary. Let them also mix in as much amino acids (which cannot form spontaneously in the Earth?s atmosphere) and as many proteins (even though not a single protein can form by chance) as they wish.
To this mixture, let them apply as much heat and moisture as they desire. Then let them agitate it with whatever advanced equipment they choose. Let them have teams of eminent scientists stand watch over the container for billions or even trillions of years. Let them be free to apply whatever conditions they may believe to be necessary in order for life to form. No matter what they do they will definitely never be able to produce a living organism from it, much less a human being. They will definitely be unable to produce any of the countless living species on Earth, such as giraffes, lions, bees, canaries, nightingales, parrots, horses, dolphins, roses, orchids, irises, carnations, bananas, oranges, apples, dates, tomatoes, melons, water melons, figs, olives, grapes, peaches, peacocks, leeches or brightly-colored butterflies. They will be unable to produce even a single cell, let alone any one of these many life forms.
In short, unconscious, insentient atoms cannot combine together to form a cell. Neither can they subsequently decide to divide that cell into two, and then take further decisions and create creative humans who invent the electron microscope and then examine the structure of their own cells under it. Matter is an inanimate, unconscious substance, and finds life only through God?s sublime inspiration.
The theory of evolution, on the other hand, which maintains the exact opposite, is merely nonsense. Just a little consideration of about the irrational claims made by evolutionists will make this crystal clear.
The Theory of Evolution Cannot Explain
the Creation in Living Things
If you see an ink stain on a piece of paper, you naturally assume that an ink has been spilled on the paper, forming a random shape. But should you see handwriting on that same paper that reads, ?Call your father,? you can safely assume that this has not appeared haphazardly. Even if the writer of the note is not in the room, you know that this is a meaningful, purposeful message written by a conscious individual.
Alternatively, when you see a beautiful picture, you know that this is the product of a skilled and knowledgeable intelligent artist, even if you cannot actually see the artist who painted it.
You never imagine that this picture has come into being through paints being flung at it at random. The same applies to the flawless features in living things. Their immaculate and extraordinary engineering clearly show that they cannot be the work of chance, but are rather the product of a Superior Creator. In the face of this truth, the theory of evolution is now in a state of collapse. The superior creation in living things is the work of God, the Lord of all the worlds.
The Irreducible Complexity in Living
Things Invalidates the Theory of Evolution
The intricate complexity of anatomical systems makes the stage-by-stage development espoused by evolutionists completely impossible. For example, it is impossible for organs such as the tear gland, retina or iris, some of the components of the eye, to have formed separately, in gradual stages. Eyesight can take place only after all the components of the eyeball are present and fully functioning. If even one is missing or deficient, eye will be useless. And, according to the theory of evolution, any functionless organ should be eliminated by way of ?natural selection.?
The Human Eyeball Is More Complex and
Efficient Than the Most Advanced Camera
With its 40 basic components, the human eye provides a better image and clarity than even the most advanced digital camera. In order for the eye to be able to see at all, every one of these 40 components need to be fully functional at the same time, able to work together in harmony. If even one of these components is absent, the eye is effectively blind. In the same way that a workable camera cannot emerge in stages as its component parts are assembled haphazardly, neither can the eye have formed in stages and as the result of chance mutations.
The Human Brain Is Organized in
a Highly Complex and Superior Way
The brain consists of some 100 billion nerve cells, which communicate with one another by way of connection points known as synapses. There are 10,000 synapses in every neuron, so that any one neuron can communicate with 10,000 other neurons at the same time. The number of synapses in the human brain is estimated to be around 1 quadrillion?enabling 1,000,000,000,000,000 acts of communication. The transistors in computers, analogous to the brain?s nerve cells, have only six connection points.
The fastest computer in the world can perform an average of 109 processes per second. The brain can manage 1015 (that is, 10,000,000,000,000,000 actions per second.) In addition, the computer has a memory capacity of 1011 bytes (a byte being the smallest unit of information capable of being recorded on a computer). Compare that to the brain?s capacity of 1014. In other words, the human brain has a capacity equivalent to that of 1,000 computers.
It is absolutely impossible for chance to organize the brain cells in such a way as to give rise to such a dazzling communications network. This system is far more complex and wondrous than Internet technology, one of the greatest developments of the 20th century. Internet technology?indeed, even the simplest telephone switchboard system cannot form by chance. People are well aware that engineering, design, information, and intelligence are all essential for such technology. How, then, can they still manage to claim that the brain?s far more extraordinary system came into being by ?evolution??by slow, incremental chance?
There is no doubt that this is the result of blind devotion to the theory of evolution. But approaching matters in an unprejudiced manner can clearly reveal the full glory inherent in humanity?s creation.
The Bacterial ?Whip? that Baffles Evolutionists
Certain bacteria use a microscopic whip or flagellum to propel themselves through their liquid environment. This organic engine does not run on the energy kept in a ready state in the ATP molecules inside the cell. Instead, it has its own particular source of energy: The bacterium uses the energy it receives from a flow of acid from the membrane. Some 240 separate proteins make up the bacterial whip. Scientists say that these proteins emit signals to turn the microscopic engine on and off and form joints that permit movement at the atomic level.
This complex structure in the bacterial flagellum alone is sufficient to demolish the theory of evolution. The whip itself has a structure, which can by no means be reduced to a simple form. If only a single molecular piece that constitutes the whip were absent or defective, the flagellum would not function and would therefore be of no use to the bacterium. This yet again clearly reveals the invalidity of the theory of evolution?s claim of ?gradual development.?
A Defense System with a Memory and a Laboratory
Some antigens?foreign bodies and microbes?endanger human beings by entering the bloodstream. When this happens, the defense cells try to eliminate these antigens by producing substances known as antibodies or else prevent them from multiplying.
The most surprising, and important, characteristic of antibodies is their ability to recognize hundreds of thousands of microbes that are completely different in nature and to prepare themselves to destroy them. What?s really interesting is that there are antibodies that can recognize even artificial antigens produced in the laboratory and introduced inside the human body.
How is this cell able to recognize hundreds of thousands of different cells? In addition, how does it acquire information about an artificially produced substance? Moreover, antibodies are able to immediately produce effective weapons to be used against the invader?a process that presents an insoluble dilemma for evolutionists.
Bone Cells That Sculpt Cannot
Be the Products of Chance
The cells found in bone known as osteoclasts enable changes in the shape and size of bones and let them in time increase to adult dimensions by carving away in certain areas of bone. They also decrease the size of protrusions on the bone surface. During the demolition process performed by osteoclasts, other cells known as osteoblasts begin to form new bone tissue to reconstitute the skeleton.
The cells perform the same task within the bones of every human being. They all know how to reduce and shape the bone surface. Aware of the differences between the skull and the thigh bone, they know how to shape any given bone, when to stop its growth, and how thick or thin the eventual bone is to be. These cells prepare the body?s skeleton with the greatest care, just like a sculptor. It is Almighty God Who inspires every step taken by these cells that creates the hardness, length, shape, protrusions and cavities of every part of the skeleton.
The Miracle of Blood Clotting
The process of blood clotting resembles the first aid performed by ambulance crews called out to attend a traffic accident.
When bleeding takes place in any region of the body, blood platelets known as thrombocytes are dispersed throughout the bloodstream. Wherever bleeding may occur, thrombocytes will always be on call nearby.
Just like a traffic officer, a protein known as Von Willebrand indicates the site of the accident, halts the thrombocytes when it detects them and causes them to remain in the site of the incident. The first thrombocyte to arrive attracts others to the site by emitting a special substance, just as if it were summoning assistance.
At this point, 20 enzymes in the body come together to begin producing a protein known as thrombin, which is produced only in the presence of an open wound. This is similar to a first-aid team administering the necessary drugs at a crash site. In addition, the production must be at just the right level, and the production of thrombin must also start and stop right on time. The enzymes that produce this protein seem to decide among themselves when production should begin and cease.
Once a sufficient quantity of thrombin has been manufactured, small fibers known as fibrinogen form, creating a microscopic network in the blood, to which the thrombocytes adhere and accumulate. Once this accumulation has become sufficiently dense, bleeding stops These enzymes and proteins are structures consisting of different arrangements of blind, unconscious, inanimate atoms. Yet each one assumes a function from the moment the incident occurs and they are all ?organized? in such a way as to halt the flow of blood in the most speedy manner. The apparent consciousness displayed by these collections of atoms is doubtless a great miracle and cannot, of course, be the product of ?evolution,? a process totally dependent on chance.
The Features of Even A Single Molecule Are
Enough to Demolish the Theory of Evolution
Thrombin is a protein that clots the blood. Although it is always present in the bloodstream, it does not cause the constantly flowing blood to congeal. Clotting is necessary only when there is leakage?that is, bleeding?from a blood vessel. If thrombin were to perform its function at all times, then all the blood in the body would solidify because of the protein thrombin, and the organism in question would die.
How is it, therefore, that inanimate atoms could have produced this protein that stops bleeding and also have produced this protein?s features of so that it does not harm the living organism? Unconscious atoms could not have produced mechanisms requiring such progressive, detailed and magnificent knowledge. Of course, it is Almighty God Who creates all these abilities.
Blood Cells Capable of Differentiating
between Useful and Harmful Substances
Blood as it flows through the capillaries collects waste products from the cells. It carries them to the kidneys, where these substances are filtered out. The carbon dioxide produced as a byproduct of cells is carried by the blood to the lungs, and from there it is expelled from the body.
The red blood cells in the veins and arteries are able to differentiate between useful and harmful substances in an exceedingly aware manner, and are well aware which gasses they must deposit where. For example, they never carry harmful gasses to the kidneys or waste products to the lungs. Neither do they take waste products to organs requiring nourishment. The manner that blood cells perform their functions without ever making a mistake or suffering any confusion or delays indicates that a supreme Consciousness controls, supervises and organizes them. It is evident that it is the Almighty God Who bestows all these characteristics on the blood and creates a perfect circulatory system.
The Kidneys? Selectivity
Is Not the Work of Chance
The kidneys constantly cleanse the blood flowing through the body. They send back some of the substances they filter to be re-used at a later date, and secrete useless and harmful substances from the body. How are the kidneys able to make these chemical distinctions? How can they differentiate between protein, urea, sodium, glucose and other substances?
In the kidneys, structures known as ?glomerules? formed from capillary vessels decide what is to be retained and what gotten rid of. How can a structure of flesh decide how much of one substance is to be expelled and how much to be kept? Could it be blind coincidence?or did unconscious atoms, which have never received any training in chemistry, physics or biology, form this selective attribute of the kidneys? Of course not! All these are some further proofs of God?s flawless creation.
It Is Erroneous to Claim that the Kidneys
Came into Being by Chance
Only 5 to -7 centimeters in size, the kidney works silently, unceasingly, without ever making its presence felt and without ever needing any maintenance. It controls the quality of the blood, orders blood cells to be produced, regulates the amount of water in the blood, and cleanses it by operating 2.4 million filtration units ideally suited to the body?s needs. In fact, it keeps on working to ensure the survival of the body throughout our daily lives without setting aside just one specific time for work.
A dialysis machine is the size of an average refrigerator, runs on electricity, is noisy, wears out in 3 to 4 years, requires constant maintenance. It needs constant circulation of blood in the event of a patient?s kidney failure, whose blood cannot be cleansed in the body. The machine is operated by expert doctors and technicians in sterile hospital conditions. All patients? blood pressure drops enormously when they are attached to the machine. They become breathless and start trembling. Bleeding is frequent and occurs easily; muscular cramps often arise.
But the dialysis machine is merely a simple filter. Since it cleanses the blood only crudely, tests need to be run on the patient and those substances that are lacking have to be replaced. Patients are attached to the machine for five hours, three days a week, during which time they are unable to move.
It is totally illogical for those who know that a dialysis machine cannot have come into being by chance to claim that the kidneys?which are so far superior to it?could have done so.
Bone Cells? Ability to Trap Calcium
Cannot Be Coincidental
The bones store within them such vital substances as calcium and phosphorus, returning these stored elements back into the bloodstream when need arises. A bone cell, with no taste buds or any other sense organs, is easily able to distinguish calcium and phosphorus from among all the thousands of different substances in the blood. It then traps these molecules without ever making a mistake. Not even a human being, without receiving extensive training in the field, can differentiate between different chemicals such as calcium, phosphorus, iron and zinc if they are dissolved in solution.
In addition, when the bone cell receives the instruction (via the hormone calcitonin) to ?store calcium? it obeys immediately. If an order telling it to ?release the stored calcium? (via the hormone parathormone) arrives, it again obeys forthwith. The bone cell continues working day and night, with apparent intention, capability, responsibility and a high sense of discipline. It is obvious that this cell with such special abilities cannot have come into being by chance.
The Stomach?s Flawless Structure
The stomach secretes very powerful acids that allow it to digest foodstuffs and take advantage of the nutrients they contain. These acids are strong enough to dissolve a razor blade. But how is it that these acids, themselves composed of proteins, do not damage the stomach? The answer to this lies in one of the instances of matchless structure in the human body. Thanks to the striated nature of the stomach lining, the stomach does not actually digest itself.
These deep folds in the stomach walls contain cells with very different characteristics from one another. In order to maintain a delicate balance, some cells in the stomach secrete acid, other cells alongside them secrete a sticky fluid known as mucus, which coats the inner surface of the stomach, protecting the stomach wall against these acids and preventing the digestive enzymes from doing any damage.
Could the decision-making center that takes such rational precautions on behalf of the stomach be the cells themselves, or even the stomach lining? Of course not! Every feature in the human body is a proof of God?s flawless creation.
Another Predicament for the Theory of Evolution:
Information Theory
One of the many puzzles that evolutionists are unable to explain is the sheer volume of information in living things, because information can never be reduced to matter. A book, for example, consists of paper, ink and the information it contains. The paper and ink are material elements, but the vital information they convey is not material.
If something contains information, then it must have been arranged by a conscious mind possessed of that information. For example, the origin of whatever information is contained in any book is the mind of the author who first thought those words.
The DNA of living things contains exceedingly comprehensive information. In the 20th century science revealed that all this information in DNA could not, contrary to materialists? claims, in fact be reduced to matter. The information in DNA is the work of a superior Mind and infinite Knowledge. This extraordinary information which represents the source of all life presents countless proofs of the existence of God, the Lord of all the worlds, while also totally refuting materialist philosophy.
The Lie that the Human Embryo Has Gills
This claim is based on a scientific fraud that the evolutionist biologist Ernst Haeckel perpetrated in the early 20th century. In order to supply evidence of evolution that did not in fact exist, Haeckel drew the developing embryos of such life forms as human beings, chickens and fish alongside one another?but deliberately distorted them. The whole scientific world now agrees that this was a fraud. The structure that Haeckel depicted as a ?gill? is actually the beginning of the middle ear canal, the parathyroids, and the thymus gland.
Molecular Comparisons Represent
No Evidence for Evolution
Evolutionists point to the fact that different species having similar DNA codes and proteins, and they interpret this as proof that species must have evolved from one another. First of all, it should be made clear that living things? vital functions are basically the same?for which reason it is perfectly natural that their DNAs should be similar. But this does not imply that they are evolved from a common ancestor. In addition, when the DNA belonging to different living species and classes are analyzed and compared, it is totally apparent that similarities or differences in living things? DNAs are incompatible with any evolutionist logic or connection. Claims that seek anatomical or chemical similarities in living things and then seek to claim these as evidence for evolution are totally invalid in the face of the scientific facts.
Bacteria Developing Resistance to Antibiotics
Is No Evidence of ?Evolution?
Some present the way that some disease-causing bacteria begin to exhibit resistance to antibiotics as evidence for their having evolved.
But these resistant bacteria are not a new species! The resistance they develop arises in the following way: When all bacteria are exposed to the toxic effects of a particular drug, most of them, which are not resistant to the drug, die off. Resistant variations, on the other hand, survive and have a greater opportunity to multiply. Eventually, future bacterial colonies come to consist entirely of individuals that share resistance to the drug in question.
In fact, the information regarding antibiotic resistance exists in the bacteria?s DNA right from the outset. In other words, this resistance has not emerged by chance and has not in any sense been subsequently acquired.
God Has Not Created Life through Evolution
Some people claim that they believe in God, but also believe in the theory of evolution. Yet this is a highly mistaken position to adopt?because:
1. The only reference and guide for anyone who says they believe in God and His religion is the Qur?an. But the Qur?an contains no information about creation having come about by way of evolution. On the contrary, its verses reveal that life and the universe were brought into existence when God commanded them to ?Be!?
2. The fundamental focus of the theory of evolution is the denial of the existence of any Creator. Ever since Darwin?s day, all the proponents of the theory of evolution have made this abundantly clear. The theory has been the main foundation of atheism for the last 150 years. It is of course impossible to construct any form of alliance between the most effective foundation of atheism and belief in God.
Another factor that makes the theory of evolution unacceptable is the fact that science has refuted it. The theory has been unable to prove its own most basic claims.
Variations Are No Evidence of Evolution
?Variation? is a term employed in genetics for the phenomenon that causes individuals or groups within one species to display different, distinct features. For example, all the humans in the world are of the same species?Homo sapiens?and have essentially the same genetic information. Yet thanks to the potential for variation permitted by that genetic information, some have almond-shaped eyes, others have red hair, some have long noses, and others are short and stocky in stature.
Evolutionists, however, attempt to portray such variations within a species as evidence for the development of new species?and in turn, for the theory of evolution. But the fact is, variation represents no evidence for evolution at all. It merely represents the emergence of different combinations of already-existing genetic potential. It cannot endow future generations with new genetic information and brand-new characteristics.
For example, no matter how much you try to improve a line of cats by crossbreeding them, the resulting kittens will always remain cats and will never develop into dogs.
The Origin of Behavior Does
Not Lie in Evolution
Evolutionists regard all animal and human behavior as having an evolutionary origin. But an evolutionary explanation does not square with the facts, because animals have no reason, consciousness and capacity with which to learn by trial and error. They cannot record in their genes what they have learned and then pass these learned skills along to their subsequent offspring. They possess forms of behavior such as their life-saving defense techniques and nest-building capabilities right from birth.
God creates all living things with their own unique characteristics and forms of behavior. It is impossible, for example, for a butterfly to realize that mimicking a dry leaf will better camouflage it and thus enable it to escape predators, and then to transform this thought into radical changes in its own wings. Alternatively, a beaver is able to construct a dam?which requires advanced engineering calculations in order to halt the flow of water along the bed of a stream?and is able to do this right from the moment it grows old enough to do so. This skill is not anything that can be learned or acquired by way of such unconscious mechanisms as natural selection.
Living things are born in possession of certain forms of behavior and various characteristics that will protect them, right from the moment they are created. It is God Who bestows these characteristics on them.
Darwinism Lies at the Root of the Ideologies
that Inflicted Disasters on the 20th Century
The concept of ?survival of the fittest? constitutes the basis of Darwinism. Its other two important features are that it regards human beings as just another species of animal and offers a supposedly scientific foundation for philosophies and ideologies that deny God and His religion. In the 20th century, these features of Darwinism provided justification and support for a great many dangerous ideologies and philosophies such as amoral capitalism, racism, eugenics, communism and fascism.
Why was Darwinism so strongly supported by certain circles? The reason is because thanks to Darwinism, it was no longer possible to condemn or prevent those who perpetrated barbaric slaughter, who treated their fellow human beings like animals, who turned nation against nation, who belittled entire peoples because of their race, who forced small businesses into bankruptcy through unfair competition or who refused to extend helping hands to the poor?doing all this in accord with a supposedly ?scientific? law of nature.
That is why Darwinism posed such a grave danger and even today provides supposedly scientific support for most of the ideologies and philosophies that continue to wreak such harm on society and humanity. That is why a scientific refutation of Darwinism is so important.
CONCLUSION
Clearly it is God, the Lord of all the worlds, Who creates all living things. Every person who thinks about the multitude of living organisms around him and his own body can grasp and appreciate this fact. The theory of evolution is a clearly irrational claim against the tenets of science.
It is also evident that blind chance cannot give rise to the flawless structures to be found everywhere throughout nature. Some people, who admit that not even a plastic bottle can come into being by chance, are nevertheless still able to claim?solely for the sake of keeping alive their atheistic and materialistic world views?that living things with their perfect and extraordinarily complex characteristics did come into existence by chance.
However, these claims are no longer being accepted. The 21st century is becoming a historic turning point when all humanity admits that God is the sole Creative Power. In the same way that the 19th century has gone down in history as an era dominated by a materialist world view, so will the 21st century be recalled as a turning point when belief in the existence and oneness of God was strengthened.
In one verse God tells us:
Say: ?Have you thought about your partner gods, those you call upon besides God? Show me what they have created of the earth; or do they have a partnership in the heavens?? Have We given them a Book whose clear signs they follow? No indeed! The wrongdoers promise each other nothing but delusion. (Surah Fatir, 40)
For the last 150 years, the theory of evolution has been portrayed everywhere?from school textbooks to scholarly publications?as scientific fact. But it actually stands on highly unsound foundations. Every claim that evolutionists have made over the last 150 years has later been refuted by science. Evolutionists have finally abandoned trying to prove their theory and instead, have begun looking for ways to prop it up by such methods as propaganda, demagogy, and outright deception. Their aim is no longer to defend a scientific theory, but rather to persist in promoting this nonsense which is supposed
to be scientific so as to maintain their materialist, atheistic world views.
In this book, the theory of evolution?s basic claims are refuted with scientific evidence. It demonstrates, using concrete examples with which you will be quite familiar,
why it is impossible for new species to emerge through evolution.
